Gender Dialectics Theory Essay

Gender refers to the social relationship/roles and responsibilities of men and women, the expectations held about the characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviors of both women and men that are learned, change over time, and vary within and between cultures. We all have the desire to communicate, but because of the variances in gender, our communication styles vary as well. Here we will research and develop ideas on how gender dialects are different. More so often than not, men are associated with what seems to be a more direct, linear, uninterrupted, objective, and independent way of speaking. Men value independence, power, and accomplishments while communicating. When women speak it is associated with a tendency to speak in a questioning, circular, from the heart, and subjective manner. Women tend to value connection and relationships while communicating. This connects to report vs. rapport, men are externally focused and often view situations as issues to be resolved, and they talk to inform others. Women however, are internally focused and often talk as a way to connect and relate to others. By developing this theory we believe it will bring attention to the gender roles we are set to fulfill when communicating. It could break down those social constructs of how we are supposed to speak/interact. This theory could shed new light on how people communicate in a classroom, social groups, and professional settings. Overall we believe men and women communicate differently when communicating with the opposite sex than with the same sex.

American Film History: Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers

Agnes de Mille once said that â€Å"the truest expression of people is in its dance and in its music.   Bodies never lie†. (Warner, p30)   And indeed, Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, a most famed dancing duo epitomized the meaning of words and emotions through their dance that was ever caught in film.As such, while both film actors never gained recognition in their acting careers in their 10 renowned musicals, they nevertheless received their most deserved place in the history of American film as iconic symbols of dance that brought poetry and song to the human body.Fred and Ginger are Broadway actors before they came to Hollywood. Fred was a stage dancer and choreographer whose career in acting and dancing started at a very early age during which he partnered with his sister Adelle in Vaudeville shows.When his sister married, he went on his own to make a name in a Broadway musical, â€Å"Gay Divorce†. (Harvey and Sennett, pp 23-25) Ginger on the other hand started her Broadway debut in â€Å"Top Speed†, which catapulted her to a lead role the following year in the musical, â€Å"Girl Crazy†.   In 1931, the movie, â€Å"The Tip Off† marked her entry to Hollywood.(Whissen, p282-283)   Both Fred and Ginger have outstanding and blossoming careers apart from each other, until their first pairing came in 1933 in a film that will lead to the discovery of the unparalleled chemistry and charisma of their dancing prowess to the astonishment and delight of the viewing public.   This marked the commencement of a dance collaboration that will entertain the American people in the next couple of decades that continued to remain unrivaled in the world up to this date.Flying Down To RioIn 1933, â€Å"Flying Down to Rio† was rendered into a film and first featured Fred and Ginger dancing together.     Ã‚  It was a love triangle story between Roger, Belinha and her fiancà ©, Julio.   Roger leads an orchestral band where Fred and Ginger are members.Fred was the assistant band leader who played the accordion while Ginger was the lead vocalist for the band.   In pursuing the love of Belinha, Roger left his band which gave the opportunity for Fred to step up.   In the end, Roger and Belinha successfully get together leaving the band to Fred and Ginger.Both Fred and Ginger were not the lead characters in the film but their dance performance especially in the airplane-wing-dance at the end of the story took the limelight that overshadowed the plot and the main characters of the story.   In fact, the pair’s performance is what enjoined the people to watch the film and gained its critical acclaim.Incidentally, one of the notable dance moves introduced in the movie is the forehead-to-forehead stance, the Carioca, which introduced the sensual samba dance to US movie audiences.(Berry, p131) This instantly became a national dance craze. The movie claimed its due place in the American film history for unearthing the dance magic of Fred and Ginger that obtained vast appeal among the masses and initiated their unequaled dance partnership in the coming years.

Expository Prose Assignment Essay

1.Ed Pilkington purpose for this article is to inform the audience that he wants to abolish the rule of execution because in this article, the U.S legal system made a fatal mistake by sentencing an innocent man to his death.   This article is in expository style because it has a thesis that explains what he is going to talk about and it has the proper structure of beginning, body and conclusion. Another reason is because the author is explaining his knowledge on what he believes on, which is informing his audience by sharing the trail of an innocent man. The thesis in this article is explicit. It is explicit because the author clearly states it in the article near the beginning. â€Å"It is now clear that a person was executed for a crime he did not commit, and his name –Carlos Deluna – is being shouted from the rooftops of the Columbia Human Rights Law Review.† This article is also considered in expository style because it includes methods of exposition. One of the methods that are being used is the short anecdote. This method is shown when the author explains a short flashback of the day of the murder and this evidences to the audience that there is proof that Carlos Deluna is innocent. â€Å"Carlos Deluna told the jury that on the day of the murder he’d run into Hernandez, who he’d known for the previous five years. The two men, who both lived in the Southern Texas town of Corpus Christi, stopped off at a bar. Hernandez went over to a gas station, the Shamrock, to buy something, and when he didn’t return Deluna went over to see what was going on.† Another method is used when the author contrast the trial of OJ Simpson with the Carlos trial. â€Å"This wasn’t the trial of OJ Simpson.† The author uses this method because he is trying to reach out to his audience by saying that this case has no real evidence that Carlos Deluna is the real criminal. While contrasting to the case of OJ Simpson where there was actually proof that OJ was the murderer. The third method of exposition that is used is the process of cause and effect. This example is shown when the author explains how the detectives failed to carry out important evidence like blood samples. The cause in this case would be the detectives not examining blood samples and the effect would be the death of an innocent man 2.The rhetorical situation in this case would be any American citizen that listens or reads about the news and the writer would be Ed Pilkington in New York Times. Ed Pilkington is grabbing the attention of American citizens by informing the citizens that a fatal mistake; made by the U.S legal system caused an innocent man to his death. This article is written for almost all Americans because Pilkington is sending a message to the citizens that they should be more aware of the U.S legal system from now on because miscarriages of justice might happen again. Another reason why this article is for all U.S citizens is because the structure of the article is not long and not too difficult to read. The structure of this article is simple and easy to understand. Pilkington made his paragraphs short but long enough to explain the article precisely. Meaning all Americans can read this article, not just intellectual geniuses. Lastly, the nature of the relationship between the author and the reader is American to another American. The reason for this is because Pilkington wants all Americans to hear about his article, not just specific amount of people. So Pilkington (an American) is explaining his story with other Americans. 3.The definition of style is a characteristic manner of expression, combining the idea that is being expressed with the individuality (the particular voice) of the author. Style includes such general qualities as diction, sentence structure and variety, imagery, rhythm, coherence, and emphasis. In this article the style the author uses is simple and understandable. The author uses some of the qualities that are mentioned in the definition. One of the qualities the author uses is diction. The diction in this piece of article is informal and easy to understand. The vocabulary is not difficult and it is easy to read so most Americans will be able to understand the entire article. Also another style quality that is used is the sentence structure. The sentence structure of this article is short but exact. Meaning it has the right amount of important information and since its short, most readers would not lose interest from it. 4.The relationship between the audiences is Ed Pilkington the author, to any American citizen. Ed Pilkington in this article seems to know his audience very well. He grabs the audience’s attention by using an easy type of style that can be understood by the general public, while still explaining the author’s opinion. The author not only grabs the audience’s attention, he expresses his purpose through out the whole article. The author’s purpose is to try to convince his audience that the capital punishment of execution should be abolished. Like I said before, the author uses a style that is effectively easy for the audience to understand the meaning of criminal and political matters. Even though the author’s style makes the article well written, the article seems to be less effective then effectual. The author explains the article by implying the meaning in one case. The author could have compared more articles on fatal mistakes from the U.S legal system because the trial occurred few years from now and as years go bye, the Government legal system has been improved. Furthermore, the article is effective because the author proves his thesis by describing how an innocent man was sentenced to death but the fact that the author used one example, makes it a risky decision to follow. So overall, the author proves his thesis by using the right type of style, but the concept of abolishing the lethal injection does not seem comprehensible with the proof of just one article.

PhD program in English Composition and TESOL Personal Statement

PhD program in English Composition and TESOL - Personal Statement Example Francis Bacon’s philosophical writings, William Shakespeare’s plays, Shelley Percy’s poems, and Mark Twain’s novels, just to mention a few, enlightened me on the unique and sharp observations of writers regarding life and nature. Reading these literary works, I toured the underlying lovely world of nature and realized the multifaceted truths about life. For instance, Percy Shelly informs his readers about the environment by using the power of his pen, ‘if winter approaches, can spring be far behind?’ Reading fictitious classics and the enjoyment I got from the beauty of English in them inspired me to write. I kept a record of my perceptions regarding life and observations of nature making use of the elementary English writing skills I had. The more I practiced writing and keeping a record of my observations and perceptions, the more my interests in English composition intensified. Additionally, this enabled me to think in English when writing compositions; thus, improving my aptitudes in written English. The love for writing and reading in English strengthened my love for the English language. This is because it gave me the urge to make painstaking efforts to improve my command of it. My relentless persistence and strong interests enabled me to excel in my academic performance. My outstanding performance in the English language has seen me obtain first-class scholarships on three occasions. These awards are only given to individuals who perform exemplary in their specialty studies. My outstanding performance in schoolwork has never made me a complacent person. Both in co-curricular activities and coursework, I have always exploited endurance as a character. During my undergraduate studies, I was a member of the university’s debating club. Together with my club members, we won several trophies and championships.

Review Discussion of Chris Hackley (2013), Marketing in Context Essay - 1

Review Discussion of Chris Hackley (2013), Marketing in Context - Essay Example According to Hackley, critics have been against marketing and its role because of the associated theories and techniques used in the business world in the name of marketing. The author is honest about the fact that the developed world has experienced some of the benefits associated with marketing. This is through increasing affluence. Despite the evident benefits of marketing, only a few people have a conscience understanding of the functioning of marketing. Many of the books seeking to elaborate the concepts of marketing have not succeeded in doing so in accordance with the views expressed by Hackley. Hackley has the conviction that marketing research and the findings recorded as well as the theories developed from such findings do not conform to the real life aspects of marketing. These reasons prompted Hackley to develop a text that can describe marketing concepts in the appropriate context. Hackley’s book succeeds in clarifying several marketing concepts, its role, and set ting a new scene that allows marketing to be understood in its appropriate context. This paper will present a critical review discussion of Chris Hackley’s introductory chapter and the conclusion he presents. The review is going to consider other chapters in the book, and describe how Hackley develops them to set a â€Å"marketing scene†. In the first chapter of the book, Hackley develops an introduction to his involving text. In this chapter, Hackley introduces the overgeneralization of concepts that has been happening in the marketing field. More specifically, he highlights that only a few people understand marketing in its appropriate context. The efforts of previous authors have not succeeded in enlightening readers on how to understand marketing. This is despite the fact that marketing is one of the fields with a remarkable economic contribution as well as a cultural presence with numerous effects on the society. In an effort to address

Michigan Liquor Control Commission Research Paper - 1

Michigan Liquor Control Commission - Research Paper Example Shipment consolidation- small orders are integrated so that big loads can be carried in one carriage. Implementing shipment consolidation decreases the freight rates due to negotiation and bargaining power because of economies of scale. Freight rates are also dependent on the warehouse. The shipment consolidation and a consolidated warehouse decrease emergency deliveries. Value added services- the firm should implement an electronic scanning system and to replace error-prone paper-based information collection system; hence saving time in the supply chain. Any increase in the cost of packaging the goods can be offset by a reduction in transit costs. Inventory carrying costs- The inventory carrying costs will reduce because the number of inventories stored at a central warehouse will be fewer than that stored at the regional warehouse. Moreover, consolidation enables the just in time system to be feasible; hence reducing inventories and cutting costs. Effect of third party/ private warehouse facilities on warehousing costs handling costs, storage costs and fixed facility costs- the third party provider will cause the overall costs of fixed facilities, handling and storage costs to reduce due to economies of scale. The coordination work among the warehouse owners also reduces the administrative costs that include fixed costs. By consolidating multiple client freight, the transportation costs are also reduced. Decentralization- the firm should have a decentralized DPR where the products reach the customers fast through their supply chain. A centralized system requires more time before the products are accessible, and may lead to the groceries getting spoilt or rotten. Decentralized- decentralized customer relationship collaboration enables the firm get feedback faster and easier from their customers. A centralized system may not be easily accessible for the customers. Decentralized- a decentralized LCS enables the

Science research project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Science project - Research Paper Example The completely randomised design was used to remove biasness among the different income groups surveyed. From the study it was clear that the 75,000 – 100,000 income groups had the highest level of information on peak oil while least information about the same was found in income groups below 75,000. However, income group over 100,000 had little information about the same but not as little as the income group below 75,000. Generally it was concluded from the results that no relationship existed between the willingness to purchase oil and the level of awareness of peak oil, hence the null hypothesis was adopted. This study recommends a new line of research open to others interested in the same to find out the relatedness of oil prices to income at household level and its effect on the same. (Mark, 1999) There has been a considerable increase in the price of fuel all over the globe and the United States is no exception. There is therefore, a likeliness of close observation of oil and gasoline prices by the US consumers; this is because they had paid more than what they had anticipated. This research tried to shed light into the factors which were responsible for the price change, its effect on the economy and the alternatives that the consumers preferred most. This work will also provide an insight into the consumption of gasoline between the years 2006 and 2011. The uses focused majorly on industries, commercial and residential sectors. This will be helpful in describing the pattern of gas consumption in the US. Information was provided by statistical method on the past few decades’ oil production and a comparison was made to the demand over the same period. Survey monkey was used to collect data and analysis was done by Excel program to come up with the comparison between the different parameters of study (amount people are willing to pay, awareness of peak price and best alternatives

The Blossoming Garden Centre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Blossoming Garden Centre - Essay Example According to Mr. Gordon Rose, there should be a positive attitude always towards the customers, as they bring business to the concern. Thus, there should be no failure in the skills used for effective customer service. Customer satisfaction is the main area of interest for this concern. Blossoming Garden Centre case study deals mainly with the training of the staffs which could meet the requirements of the employee legislation, product knowledge as well as sufficient acquaintance to meet the instant needs of the customers which would improve the business and assist in attaining competitive advantages. Â  Considering these facts, the paper intends to summarise the system of providing training to the employees in Blossoming Garden Centre with the assistance of Learning and Development approach. Through the discussion, the paper will also focus on suggesting a systematic process in order to implement the approach with due significance to the Kolb’s Learning Cycle model. Â  Blossoming Garden Centre is located on the borderline of Lily Rose town where the populace is mostly employed. The booming industries in that region are tourism and entertainment is focussed on recreational services. The organization uses the approach of Learning and Development as an activity, to enhance the skills and behavioral changes of employees. The Learning and Development process involves three most important phases which are, developing the skills of the individual employees, refining the staffs of the organization and to offer expert training which will facilitate both organization and individual improvement. Â  

English class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English class - Essay Example Alcohol also served as a source of important nutrients and was widely used for antiseptic and medicinal purpose. Apart from alcohol serving as a nutrient source, it also served as a thirst quencher and played an important function in enhancing the quality of life and enjoyment. In this case, it facilitated relaxation and increased appetite for food. While alcohol has been beneficial to many in the past and even today, alcohol has been misused by a minority of drinkers (United States 43). The misuse of alcohol in most of the countries has necessitated the drafting of laws to regulate the consumption of alcohol. These laws, according to a number of writers and scholars, were drafted with minors in mind. Most of the countries in the world, have Alcoholic Drinks laws that demand a lot of regulations from the stakeholders in the brewing and alcohol consumption sector. All these laws all over the world have one clause in common that, there is a right age to consume alcohol. Majority of cou ntries prefer 18 years and others 17 years. However, the United State of America, puts the minimum age at which one can consume alcohol at 21 years (United States 56). The reasons why the law makers put the minimum alcohol consumption age at 21 years has generated heated debate. ... In this sense, it was clear that, the national law prohibited public possession and purchase of alcoholic beverages but it failed to address the fact that persons under the age of 21 should not drink. This gap came about because â€Å"The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984† defined the term â€Å"public possession,† but indicated that it did not apply in a number of place. The first place was in an established religious function where the minor, was accompanied by a parent or guardian who was 21 years and above. The second case was when alcohol was consumed for medical purposes prescribed by a licensed dentists, physician, nurse, medical institution or hospital (United States 34). The third one was in private clubs and finally, in the lawful employment by a licensed retailer, wholesaler or manufacturer. The law did not achieve its main objective because minors took advantage of the gaps and abused alcohol. The question why the law put the minimum drinking age at 21, was posed to the main lawmakers who drafted the law. Their response was that they aimed to reduce the number of car accidents caused by drunk drivers. The youth have condemned this response and called upon law makers to have put the age at 18 years because at this age, one is mature to make decisions. The United States law on elections put the age at which one can vote to be 18 years. The reason behind the age being 18 years was that an individual was mature enough to make an informed decision. In a similar manner, â€Å" National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984† failed to recognize that the same individual who could make an informed political decision, could also decide whether to drink or not (United States 77). Many arguments

Equal Human Rights for Women Essay Example for Free

Equal Human Rights for Women Essay This paper explores human rights issues as it relates to women; the right to work; the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to be treated equally, the right to autonomy, and the violations of basic human rights. I will reflect on how the issue of equality for women is addressed nationally and globally. In discussing human rights related to women’s issues of social injustice by industrial and global exploitation, I explore ways in which social workers commit to equality and what current attitudes may need to be refined. I discuss how global exploitation continues to oppress and stigmatize females. This paper also examines barriers to change and how empowering women can raise their understanding of human rights and the process of change. In July of 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, based on the Declaration of Independence statement on equal rights for all, The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions demanded the equality of men and women in several issues including the right to vote (Stanton Anthony, 1997). This proposed resolution stated, â€Å"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her† (Stanton, 1889). Thus, in the United States, the plight began for equal rights for women in a male dominated world. Considering the period of time human beings have inhabited this planet, the concept of equality of the human sexes is a rather new prospect. Men are generally physically stronger than women and have exploited this for centuries influencing societies, religions and traditions. They have created for themselves arenas which are beneficial and convenient for them however abusive and oppressive for women. In many countries, including our own, religion and tradition are often used as justification for not implementing equal rights. According to UNICEF, working women globally not only earn significantly less than men, they own far less property and still maintain the majority (80%) of household work (UNICEF, 2007). Biases in property law and inheritances also make women (and children by virtue of being born to women) more vulnerable to poverty. Historically, and in some countries currently, violence against women was/is generally acceptable and at times, considered necessary (i.e. honor killings). So how do we advocate for change from centuries of oppression and discrimination towards women? Ending discrimination in all forms and advocating for social justice is the concrete foundation and commitment of the Social Worker. The National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics states â€Å"Social Workers should act to expand choice and opportunity for all people, with special regard for vulnerable, disadvantaged, oppressed, and exploited people and groups (NASW, 2000, 6.04b). Social work practices, policies, and services must continue to address the disadvantages women and girls face. Advocacy for equal education, health care, employment, protection from violence, and rise from poverty for women is essential. According to NASW ethical principles, Social Workers respect the inherent dignity and worth of a person and are consistently proactive in helping people in need and advocating for social justice. In 1945 in its preamble, the United Nations and the peoples therein declared their commitment to â€Å"fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small† (United Nations, n.d.), solidifying their commitment toward equal rights for women. Social Workers and the nations representing the world have sworn their allegiance to ensuring impartiality between the sexes. But how far have we come in successfully accomplishing this goal? Jessica Valenti, a writer for the Washington Post states in her article For women in America, equality is still an illusion (2010), â€Å"despite the indisputable gains over the years, women are still being raped, trafficked, violated and discriminated against not just in the rest of the world, but here in the United States. And though feminists continue to fight gender injustices, most people seem to think that outside of a few lingering battles, the work of the womens movement is done.† This especially rings true to me. There are still so many serious injustices against women here in the United States (i.e. violence, trafficking, unequal pay, unequal governmental representation, etc.) but the general public rejects this fact, therefore, we are only beginning to tackle this problem. Many programs which support, empower, and assist women toward self-determination (NASW, 1.02) have been created however progress is slow and many more are needed. How is the rest of the world fai ring toward the goal of equal rights for women? Read more:  Why Should Women Have Rights? There is a saying in Ghana, â€Å"If you educate a man, you simply educate an individual, but if you educate a woman, you educate a nation† (Women’s rights worldwide, 2007). But, unfortunately, being a woman in a developing country could mean a life of poverty, abuse, exploitation, and deprivation. In some countries, girl babies are killed because boy babies are considered more valuable. Woman worldwide own 1% of the property however work two-thirds of the world’s labor and earn 10% of the world’s wages. Honor killings (those women determined to dishonor a family) still occur in at least 17 countries identified by the United Nations. In 1980, the United Nations supported the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, sometimes referred to as the international bill of rights for women, where nations committed to end discrimination against women. People around the world express support for these world conferences and gender equality however people in many countries say inequalities persist. A 22-nation survey by Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project in the spring of 2010 suggests the world supports gender equality however many more changes are needed and change is less than vigorous. The following study chart describes the percentage of countries views on who has a better life and who supports equal rights (Pew Research Center, 2010). In my research of global rights for women established by macro entities toward practice and policy change, the Worldwide Women’s Integrated Society for Everyone and Everything best defines a global bill of rights for women which I admire and support. They call this The Thirteen Rights – A Global Bill of Rights for Women. It includes the following: 1) The right to vote in all elections 2) Equal representation in the government 3) The right to assemble and access to communication 4) Females will be educated equally to males 5) Freedom of movement 6) Freedom of marriage or non-marriage 7) The right to carry weapons for protection 8) The right to own property 9) Equal rights, pay, and access to work 10) The right to choice of personal appearance 11) The right to birth control 12) The right to safely terminate a pregnancy 13) The sanctity of female genitals. The International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) recognizing social workers’ commitment to human rights and equal treatment for all human beings, issued an international policy on women in 1999. Policy Statement 5.1 best sums up the views of international social workers by stating, â€Å"Women’s rights are human rights. To the extent that women and girls do not enjoy equal rights, their common human needs, and those of their families, will not be fully met and their human potential will not be fully realized. Therefore, the social work profession’s core commitment to human rights must involve a commitment to protecting and preserving the basic rights of all women and girls. Women of all ages and at all stages of the life cycle deserve protection from discrimination in all forms, including the elimination of all forms of gender-specific discrimination and violence† (IFSW, 1999). I am in complete agreement with the NASW and IFSW’s policies on equal rights for women. We must continue to research the effectiveness of national and international programs and reorganize, if necessary, to ensure delivery of rights to women everywhere. As social workers, it is imperative to advocate for all human rights, especially those oppressed, as women have been for centuries. We can do this through support, education, opportunities, and empowerment. I would like to see the United Nations imply sanctions to those entities that profess commitment to equal rights yet in reality do not â€Å"practice what they preach†. In this paper I have reviewed the journey toward equal rights for women on a personal, national and internationally level. Historically we’ve lived in a male-dominant world and the concept of equal rights for women has been generally foreign to global communities. Social workers are instrumental in expressing to each other and to the world the importance of dignity and worth of every person and the significance of a just and honorable society. In creating policies to define the rights of women, we must follow-through with punishing injustice practices in our own society and the global community. We still have a long way to go! References International Federation of Social Workers. (2012, February). Policies women. Retrieved from http://ifsw.org/policies/women/ National Association of Social Workers. (2000) Code of ethics of the national association of social workers. Washington, DC. National Association of Social Workers. (2012). Social work speaks: National Association of Social Workers policy statements 2012-2014. 9th edition. Washington, DC: NASW Press. Pew Research Center. (2010). Gender equality universally embraced, but inequalities acknowledged. Pew Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/2010/07/01/gender-equality/ Sowers, K. M., Rowe, W. S. (2007). Social work practice and social justice: From local to global perspectives. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Stanton, E. C. (1889). A history of woman suffrage. (Vol. 1, pp. 70-72). Rochester, NY: Fowler and Wells. Stanton, E. C., Anthony, S. B. (1997). The Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony papers project. In A. Gordon (Ed.), Declaration of sentiments and resolutions (Vol. 1). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Retrieved from http://ecssba.rutgers.edu/pubs/volume1.html UNICEF. (2007). Women and children the double dividend of gender equality. (p. 36). The state of the worlds children, (2007), Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/sowc07/docs/sowc07.pdf References Valenti, J. (2010, February). For women in america, equality is still an illusion. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/19/AR2010021902049.html Women’s rights worldwide. (2007). Working against the oppression of women around the world. Retrieved from http://womensrightsworldwide.org/ Worldwide Womens Integrated Society for Everyone and Everything. (n.d.). thirteen rights – a global bill of rights for women. Retrieved from http://globalwomensrights.org/index.php

Speech Males And Females Communication Differences English Language Essay

Speech Males And Females Communication Differences English Language Essay Introduction: The differences in linguistic styles between males and females have exercised linguistic researchers for decades (e.g. Trudgill 1972; Lakoff 1975; Labov 1990; Coates 1998). It has been argued for some time that some consistent differences exist in speech, Holmes (1993). Although the interpretation of such differences remains somewhat elusive. Most previous work has investigated apparent phonological and pragmatic differences between male and female language use in speech (e.g. Trudgill 1972; Key 1975; Holmes 1990; Labov 1990; Eckert 1997). Several statistical phenomena have emerged that appear to be fairly stable across a variety of contexts. For example, females seem to talk more about relationships than do males (Aries Johnson 1983; Tannen 1990) and use more compliments and apologies (Holmes 1988; Holmes 1989) and facilitative tag questions (Holmes 1984). Holmes (1993) has suggested that these and other phenomena might be generalized to a number of universals including that females are more attentive to the affective function of conversation and more prone to use linguistic devices that solidify relationships. However, interpretation of the underlying linguistic phenomena, particularly as regards their specific communicative functions, is the subject of considerable controversy (Bergvall et al 1996). For example, it has been argued (Cameron et al 1988) that the use of facilitative tag questions by women might be more plausibly interpreted as signs of conversational control than as signs of subordination, as had been previously contended (Lakoff 1975). Nevertheless, broadly speaking, the differences between female and male language use appear to be centered about the interaction between the linguistic actor and his or her linguistic context. Are gender issues just women issues? No, but it is understandable that many people think so. This is because in most societies women are subordinated to men. And they are thought to be inferior to men. Many women do not accept this, and therefore they challenge the way their culture and society ascribes them an inferior position and an inferior role. That means, it often tends to be women who raise the issue of gender. But gender refers just as much to the position and role of men in society. Are gender differences in communication patterns related to power? When people are strangers, they expect less competence from women than from men. But if women are known to have prior experience or expertise related to the task, or if women are assigned leadership roles, then women show greatly increased verbal behaviors in mixed-sex groups. Educated professionals who have high social status were less likely to use powerless language, regardless of gender. Thus, differences are linked to power, and are context-specific. Differences are socially created and therefore may be socially altered. Studies have found that talking time is related both to gender (because men spend more time talking than women) and to organizational power (because the more powerful spend more time talking than the less powerful). Who Talks More, Men or Women?    A common cultural stereotype describes women as being talkative, always speaking and expressing their feelings. Well, this is probably true; however, do women do it more than men? No! In fact an experiment designed to measure the amount of speech produced suggested that men are more prone to use up more talking time than women. An experiment b y Marjorie Swacker entailed using three pictures by a fifteenth century Flemish artist, Albrecht Durer which were presented to men and women separately. They were told to take as much time as they wanted to describe the pictures. The average time for males: 13.0 minutes, and the average time for women 3.17 minutes. Why is this?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sociolinguists try to make the connection between our society and our language in a way that suggests that women talk less because it has not always been as culturally acceptable as it has been for men. Men have tended to take on a more dominant role not only in the household, but in the business world. This ever-changing concept is becoming less applicable in our society, however, the trend is still prominent in some societies across the world. It is more acceptable for a man to be talkative, carry on long conversation, or a give a long wordy speech, however it is less acceptable for a women to do so. It has been more of a historical trend for men have more rights to talk. However , it is common for men to be more silent in situations that require them to express emotion. Since childhood, they have been told to keep their cool and remain calm, be a man. Literature Review The different sources that Ive read and used in the literature review presented different points of view and analysis for the subjects by reliable writers and authorities in this issue. All the sources that were used assume that there is a real difference in communication between males and females, and they agreed that there were many misunderstandings or misinterpretations in communication between genders. However, each article and source presented its own examination of the miscommunication, and they proposed different ways by which to investigate this social issue. According to an article entitled Differences in Gender Communication (2005) there is another form of differences between genders. Communication can be verbal, non verbal, or written because people can communicate also using the mail system, the written way is added to the interpersonal communication in addition of course to the verbal and non verbal ways. From reading this article, it was clear that gender differences in communication existed also in the written way because we can determine the gender of a person just by reading its written words. The differences that exist between genders and the reason why women cant be more like a man play an important role in the creation of misunderstanding in communication. Also differences present the essential causes that lead to a disagreement in communication between the two genders. There are some factors that contribute to the instinctive differences that exist between genders; for instance, there are biological ones, also there is a kind of competitiveness that exists between men and women. In addition, the cultural part enters also into consideration. Another point stated by Hill (2002) is that, there are many styles of communication. These styles are the result of many factors where were from, how and where we were brought up, our educational background, our age, and it also can depend on our gender (p. 87). In communication, generally men and women have special manners and styles of speaking also a specific subject, Coates (1986, p 23). Many studies have been done to clarify the difference in communication between men and women. According to Canaray and Dindia (2006): Researchers typically report that men are more likely to emerge as leaders, to be directive and hierarchical, to dominate in groups by talking more and interrupting more. In contrast, women are found to be more expressive, supportive, facilitative, egalitarian, and cooperative than men, and to focus more on relationships and share more personally with others From this description of the difference between men and women at a level of behaviors, it was clear that women convey their ideas and feelings and cooperate more than men who want to be the leaders and to direct. In addition, the difference between genders in communication causes misunderstanding and leads to conflicts. For example, women might disclose their feelings and the problems that they are facing, but men think that women need help, so they start giving advice and trying to help. However, women behave like that in order to get closer to others not to get solutions (Gray, 1992, p 96). Another important point argued in the research of Tanner (2002) is the reason why difference exists in communication between genders. It is said that these differences should not exist because men and women might belong to the same environment as being neighbors or brothers and sisters, yet the difference is present even if they have a similar background. The dissimilarity rises from the games that boys and girls play since their childhood, and the groups they form. For example, boys form a big group and one is the leader; however, girls tend to form small groups and they disclose their feelings and their opinions (Tanner, 2002). Torppa claims that women and men sometimes perceive the same messages to have different meanings (2002, p112). That is due to the difference in the way of interpreting messages by the two genders. In fact, women are more likely to depend on others. In other words, women want to establish an emotional and passionate interdependence with men. Moreover, women try to satisfy the others as much as possible to make everyone satisfied, merry and happy whereas men more often stick to their independence and try to keep it intact whatever the situation may be. Besides, the spirit of competition inside them let these ones think of themselves more than any other one. Nevertheless, the misunderstandings between these two genders are mostly due to a difference in the way each one expresses oneself. Many examples of the normal life analysed by Torppa revealed that misunderstandings can be caused by a distortion in the manner people want to manifest their emotions and feelings to the other sex: wome n tend more to use words while men prefer generally to show them with acts. The possible way for coping with miscommunication is to try to be aware of the differences that exist with the other sex as well as to figure out what is the point of view or the angle from which the other sees the situation. Lakoff (1975) pioneering work suggested that womens speech typically displayed a range of features, such as tag questions, which marked it as inferior and weak. Thus, she argued that the type of subordinate speech learned by a young girl will later be an excuse others use to keep her in a demeaning position, to refuse to treat her seriously as a human being (1975, p.5). As what was said before, the difference of communication between men and women can trigger some misunderstandings, and in order to overcome this problem men and women should deal with each other as if they are from different cultures. They should not misinterpret words and body language, and try to understand what the other wants to convey. Moreover, they have to clarify and make sure that they understand the other by asking questions and doing perception checking (Lathrop, 2006). Conclusion The differences between genders in communication exist, not only in the verbal way but also in the non-verbal one was proved true. Moreover, these differences in communication are mostly due to culture, education and biologic origin. The consequences of these differences in communication which is misunderstandings that also proved right. However, new ideas also found in such as the fact that a significant number of men are concerned about this issue and have feelings of disappointment when facing misunderstandings with the other sex. No matter what communication style there is both men and women will communicate in different ways. Men will take the approach of instrumental communication style where they want the answer right away and establish their hierarchy. Women, on the other hand, will be more of an expressive style of communication as they will be able to confide to others and are more sensitive to issues than men and they will be able to build, maintain, and strengthen their relationship.

Gatorade Marketing Essay -- Advertising Sports Drink Beverage

Executive Summary: Gatorade was first formed in the 1960's in Florida. The doctors of the University of Florida noticed that their football players where severely dehydrated in turn the players lacked the performance of the field. After several tests the doctors came up with a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage that kept the players hydrated since water was not doing the trick. After noticing dramatic success in their teams' record in football, players and coaches wanted Gatorade to be on their sidelines each and every game. After the success in college sports, the Gatorade Company was on the sidelines helping professional athletes such as Michael Jordan. Players from the NBA, NFL and even NASCAR have all chosen to drink Gatorade. Gatorade even took the worldwide stage by introducing the brand to China, Colombia, the Middle East, South Africa and another 75 more countries. Even after all this success and 35 years in business, Gatorade keeps their focus on pro-players, amateur athle tes, or anyone else. Strategic Focus and Plan Mission: The mission of Gatorade is to be the number one in sport drinks. They are trying to increase their distribution of the Gatorade bottle by reaching more channels of distribution, by doing this Gatorade is trying to make the base larger. Gatorade is very successful in achieving their goals of owning the majority of the market share, as they handle approximately 88% of the market shares. They are also trying to give the maximum profit and trust to their shareholders by increasing company's sales and profit. Goals: The first goal Gatorade is trying to achieve is to be the most dominant thirst quencher distributor in the market and eliminate any competition. To increase their means ... ...lass.panam.edu/mana6390/flashreports/FR5B.htm http://www.birnbaumassociates.com/implementing-strategy.htm">http://www.birnbaumassociates.com/implementing-strategy.htm http://www.quakeroats.com/qfb_News/PressRelease.cfm?ID=159">http://www.quakeroats.com/qfb_News/PressRelease.cfm?ID=159 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=8&did=000000010430650&SrchMode=1&sid=6&Fmt=4&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1066862711&clientId=20368 http://www.kellogg.nwu.edu/faculty/sterntha/htm/module3/9.html http://www.canoe.ca/HealthExtremeCuisine/bevcomparison.html www.quakeroats.com The Quaker Oats Company 2003 Annual Report. The Quaker Oats Company 2002 Annual Report. The Quaker Oats Company 2001 Annual Report. The Quaker Oats Company 2000 Annual Report. The Quaker Oats Company 1999 Annual Report. The Quaker Oats Company 1998 Annual Report.

Mom: Teacher, Counselor, Role Model, and Friend Essay -- Friendship Ess

Mom: Â  Teacher, Counselor, Role Model, and Friend When asked to identify the person who has had the most powerful influence in my life, the most obvious choice is my mom. She has been my teacher, counselor, role model, and friend for the past 17 years. For me, she has become a source of inspiration and a constant reminder of what true love really means. In considering my mother's position and influence as a role model, I am reminded of a quote from Charlotte Bronte's Villette: "In addition she gave me the originality of her character to study: the steadiness of her virtues...the power of her passions to admire, the truth of her feelings to trust. All these things she had, and for these things I clung to her." (Chap. 4) The virtues that stand out most poignantly in my mother's character are her dedication and self sacrifice. On the strength of her principles, she gave up a successful career in order to give my brother and I the strongest educational foundation possible. No obstacle seems insurmountable when it comes to our education; even when my algebra classes seemed to ha...

All the Pretty Horses Essay -- essays papers

All the Pretty Horses John Grady Cole, the last in a long line of west Texas ranchers, is, at sixteen, poised on the sorrowful, painful edge of manhood. When he realizes the only life he has ever known is disappearing into the past and that cowboys are as doomed as the Comanche who came before them, he leaves on a dangerous and harrowing journey into the beautiful and utterly foreign world that is Mexico. In the guise of a classic Western, All the Pretty Horses is at its heart a lyrical and elegiac coming-of-age story about love, friendship, and loyalty that will leave John Grady, and the reader, changed forever. When his mother decides to sell the cattle ranch he has grown up working, John Grady Cole and his friend Lacey Rawlins set out on horseback for Mexico, a land free of the fences and highways that have begun to invade west Texas, a land where the boys are not able to read the look in a man's eye. As they approach the Rio Grande, they are joined by the youthful and mysterious Jimmy Blevins, wh ose fine horse, hot-blooded temper, and talent with a pistol are as certain...

An Epic Man Who Became an Epic Hero Essay

Odysseus, of Homer’s Odyssey, is an appropriate hero and ruler of Ithaca. He does not act irrationally but contemplates his actions and their implications. Odysseus is an appropriate hero because he embodies the values of bravery, intelligence, astuteness, and competency. Odysseus is an appropriate ruler for Ithaca by virtue of his hereditary right to kingship as well as his diplomatic skills, familiarity with his male subjects, discipline, and his impartiality and compassion. However, he is a character that does make a foolish decision. There is a rare instance when his pride supersedes his intellectual ability. Odysseus is an appropriate hero for he embodies the values of bravery, intelligence, astuteness, and competency. While he trying to return home from Ilium, numerous suitors attempt to seduce his wife, Penelope. However, when he returns Odysseus cleverly plans and carries out the demise of the evil and wasteful suitors with the help of Athena, goddess of wisdom: â€Å"Come on [Athena] weave me a plan to punish them [the suitors].† Odysseus’ wisdom is admired by Athena, the goddess of that aptness. Athena is also impressed by his battle heroics and so she endeavors to provide him with succor: â€Å"And you didn’t know Pallas Athenaia the daughter of Zeus himself, your faithful stand-by and guardian in all your labours!† With Athena’s assistance Odysseus becomes a true hero. Odysseus is the epitome of honor and virtue for his Ithacan subjects. Odysseus’ kind and stalwart leadership is revealed by Eumaios, his faithful swineherd, and Philoitios, his loyal cowherd, who have both remained loyal to him for twenty years. Eumaios praises Odysseus as â€Å"A rare fine master.† â€Å"Indeed I do not mourn so much for them as for him [Odysseus], though I long to see ’em again and my native land, but I do miss Odysseus since he went away. I don’t like to speak his name, man, although he is absent, but I call him ‘his honour,’ even when he is far away.† Odysseus is a befitting king because it is his ancestral right, for he is familiar with his male subjects and understands their desires. Odysseus’ equity and mercy is displayed after his triumph over the suitors, whom he executed because of their lawless  behavior. However, Odysseus shows compassion by allowing Phemius, the minstrel suitor, and Medon, a herald suitor to live. â€Å"Cheer up, my son has saved your life. So you shall know, and tell other men, that doing well is far better than doing ill.† Odysseus’ proper sovereignty is expressed by his justice. Odysseus displays his shrewdness as he overcomes the challenges that beset his crew. When Odysseus and his men become trapped by Polyphemos on the island of the Cyclops, Odysseus cleverly tells Polyphemos that his name is ‘Noman.’ Thus, when Polyphemos is stabbed in the eye by Odysseus and his men, he renounces assistance from his friends by stating that â€Å"Noman is killing me,† leading his companions to believe that no man has hurt him. However, once Odysseus and his men reach their ships and set sail, he performs his most foolish act. Odysseus taunts Polyphemos by declaring, â€Å"if ever any one asks who put out you ugly eye, tell him your blinder was Odysseus, the conqueror if Troy, the son of Laertes, whose address is Ithaca!† Once Polyphemos obtains this critical information on his blinder’s identity, he implores his father Poseidon, god of the sea, to â€Å"grant that Odysseus the conqueror if Troy- the son of Laertes- whose address is Ithaca, may never reach his home!† Because Odysseus’ pride would not allow him to let his ingenious action go unrecognized, he dooms himself and his crew. Odysseus’ wisdom and courage enable him to be a brave hero and a strong ruler, both traits of superiority in his society. Being mortal binds him to occasional mistakes that he compensates for by becoming wiser and stronger. His extraordinary abilities are heralded by the gods. Upon his return to Ithaca, Odysseus ingeniously kills the rude and wasteful suitors and reclaims his title of king. In reconciliation and honor, he finally makes a sacrifice to Poseidon. Odysseus is the epitome of a hero of his culture.

History of Optometry

The history of optometry can be traced back to the early studies on optics and image formation by the eye. The origins of optometric science (optics, as taught in a basic physics class) date back a few thousand years BC as evidence of the existence of lenses for decoration has been found. It is unknown when the first spectacles were made, but the British scientist and historian Sir Joseph Needham stated in his research that the ancient Chinese invented the earliest eyeglasses 1000 years ago and were also mentioned by the Venetian Marco Polo in his account of his travels in ancient China.Alternatively, research by David A. Goss in the United States, shows they may have originated independently in the late 13th century in Italy as stated in a manuscript from 1305 where a monk from Pisa named Rivalto stated â€Å"It is not yet 20 years since there was discovered the art of making eyeglasses†. Spectacles were manufactured in Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands by 1300. Benito Daza de Valdes published the third book on optometry in 1623, where he mentioned the use and fitting of eyeglasses.In 1692, William Molyneux wrote a book on optics and lenses where he stated his ideas on myopia and problems related to close-up vision. The scientists Claudius Ptolemy and Johannes Kepler also contributed to the creation of optometry. Kepler discovered how the retina in the eye creates vision. From 1773 until around 1829, Thomas Young discovered the disability of astigmatism and it was George Biddell Airy who designed glasses to correct that problem that included spherocylindrical lens.Although the term optometry appeared in the 1759 book A Treatise on the Eye: The Manner and Phenomena of Vision by Scottish physician William Porterfield, it was not until the early twentieth century in the United States and Australia that it began to be used to describe the profession. By the late twentieth century however, marking the distinction with dispensing opticians, it had become th e internationally accepted term.

Compare and contrast these two poems Essay

† Upon first glance you do not realise exactly how much irony and skilful use of literary devices there are in this poem. But this poem creates pity also; maybe the poet himself has been through an experience like this and felt so strongly about it that he wrote this poem. ‘The Fringe of the Sea’ creates envy, longing and calm. â€Å"We want to be able to saunter beside it Slowpaced in burning sunlight,† The charming scene brought to mind by this poem, epitomises the respect and awe that the poet has for the sea: â€Å"elegant in high blue chambers. † This gives a much more traditional and kindly view of the sea. The simile in ‘The Fringe of the Sea’: â€Å"like farmers do with soil,†-comparing the soil to the sea, shows dependence and need, showing indeed that the sea ‘is an essential part’ of Paul Keens-Douglas’ ‘psyche’. It is interesting that A. L Hendriks’ similes are connected to land objects. Showing that he is indeed a land person and is unused to the sea. He compares the mast to â€Å"two tree growin. † Likens a wave to a ‘mountain’ and the â€Å"foam all roun de boat like soap. † He compares these new, strange things he sees, to comforting, stable, straightforward objects. This makes him seem honest and of a lesser intelligence somehow, even though he isn’t. We see his simplicity in his choice of images. Paul Keens-Douglas uses such obvious, humble verbs, showing his positive and thoughtful attitude to the idyllic world that he is at peace with. He lists the mundane necessity â€Å"to work† equally with such pleasant verbs as: â€Å"to walk† â€Å"dive and swim and play† Showing that to him even work is enjoyable and just a natural part of his day. The author’s repetition of the word â€Å"We† gives the idea that there is a whole ranges of people whose lifestyle is in harmony with the sea. All of verse two tells you this: â€Å"We like to rise up early, quick in the agile mornings and walk down only little distances to look down at the water† It gives the impression of a much-valued relative who they are â€Å"quick† to visit eagerly each day. The use of ellipsis in â€Å"Windjammer† creates a much fuller picture. Words like â€Å"rattlin’,† â€Å"growin’,† â€Å"cuttin’,† â€Å"swingin’,† and â€Å"makin’,† assist the use of dialect in making you hear the poem in your head. Ellipsis also seems to create familiarity with reader as if there is no need to standardise the English, as you might to someone of importance. Dialect and Ellipsis often seem to give this effect, although often, in reality, familiarity is not intended or intentional. Also, the lines: â€Å"An’ is up an’ down up an’ down In an’ out, in an’ out,† give a fuller picture as the rhythm gives a wave effect. In the onomatopoeic words â€Å"swish- swishing† you can almost hear the sloshing around as the â€Å"boat bow† is â€Å"cuttin’ water. † The use of personification in ‘ The Fringe of the Sea’ in the word â€Å"murmurs† sounds like an undercurrent or maybe even a lover or a mother, gently whispering to the metaphoric â€Å"sandless highways†. Strange, that you have the word â€Å"mutterin’ † in ‘Windjammer. ‘ This word personifies a moody threatening presence, like some sullen child muttering under their breath. These key words are completely opposite in their effect. The line â€Å"Sun bussin’ me skin,† in ‘Windjammer’, is also personification. It brings to mind a picture, of a comfy brown shoe, being polished. Like the sun is rubbing away at the narrator’s cheeks. In this line, there is use of alliteration of the sibilant sound â€Å"S. † It’s a hissing sound, so it seems the author is annoyed that he is going to get sunburnt. This line is followed by: â€Å"Ah bound to peel, An’ me done so black already. † Which is humorous and he seems to be self-ridiculing in his unfortunate situation. Opposite to this, the personification in ‘The Fringe of the Sea’ is totally serious, as is the whole poem. The poet describes the seas â€Å"call. † This gives the effect of authority and possession, like man is the sea’s servant. The lines: â€Å"with songs and tides and endless boatways, and undulate patterns and moods. † give the impression of a powerful, varied and vibrant presence, ever changing. This is ironic since the sea is â€Å"endless† and is presumed to be always the same. Situational Comedy is extensively used in ‘Windjammer. ‘ When A. L Hendriks writes â€Å"Is alright for dem sailor† â€Å"An’ talkin’ bout how is ah calm day. If dis is calm, well, Jesus help, Ah wouldn’t want to see when it rough. † This shows the narrator’s fear and puzzlement in the poem. There is comedy in the use of the vulgarisms â€Å"wish to god†, â€Å"Jesus help† and â€Å"Watch yu arse or yu head gone. † They really do express and emphasise the narrator’s funny anguish. No comedy at all is used in ‘The Fringe of the Sea’ it is completely serious, meek and unassuming-too respectful to poke fun at the sea. The use of rhetorical questions enhances the parody of ‘Windjammer: â€Å"who sen’ me eh? Who sen’ me? † In ‘The Fringe of the Sea’ there are no rhetorical questions, everything is stated as fact. The simple statements do not allow for doubt. ‘The Fringe of the Sea’ is my favourite poem out of the two. Everything in it is pensive, drifting along with dream like quality, with the wise, intelligent man in his perfect world. But my favourite line has to come from ‘Windjammer’ as this poem has so much enthusiasm, even in the terrible situation that the man is in. The last line is the best: â€Å"Dem seasick pills don’t work neither†¦ † It seems that it was an afterthought, not as important as the rest of the poem, but it gives you the most insight into the narrators feelings and is definitely the most amusing and witty. With the words trailing off to leave you wondering. The character in ‘Windjammer’ seems very carefully thought out by the poet but somehow unrealistic and over the top in his manner. You can’t help having a sneaking suspicion that for all his complaint, the author likes and respects the sea really. This is an actual similarity to ‘The Fringe of the Sea’ as the character here, is also very unrealistic, but for the opposite reason. Where, in ‘Windjammer’ the complaining character and seasick situation seems too bad, in ‘The Fringe of the Sea’ the gentle character and faultless situation seem too good.

Belonging speech

She stood in the middle of the hall of an unfamiliar house, where the wind washed against the windows as she heard a howling noise. Her empty eyes saw the old picture frames, of her father as teenager, as the hallway light flickering on and off. As she walked down the hall the floorboards creaked with every step she would take. The smell of her grandmother weaved past her nose, taking her back to a time she had forgotten about. I sat down with my grandmother; looking at old photographs she had keep through out the years.They were old & had tacky edges but with Just one look at the photo, I imagined my father walking in at a time like this. I imagined his face, knowing I was safe & with someone who would look after me. But every time I remembered what he looked like, I couldn't help but imagine what it would be like if he saw me like this. My father wasn't one to say much but he never, liked to see me upset or cry. I threw my head back and tasted the tears. I knew I would miss him, bu t not this much. He was of average height, with dark hair and olive skin & was always Joking around.I know that I was, and would always be, his daughter and that no matter what happened in between he would always make a way to bring her home. Belonging. Belonging is the important need or want to be a part of ones self, a place, a group, or the boarder of community. When one ‘Belongs' they feel that they are accepted & welcome, are contempt with their position within society. As such, Belonging is primarily an internal feeling & is determined by the individual. I will explore the view of the simple gift', ‘Immigrants' ; my own creative writing called â€Å"My Fathers Daughter†.In my three texts I have chosen you develop a personalized detailed appreciation of the concept ‘Belonging. Each of these texts entorces the reader on a new concept ot belonging & now one individual can see things differently. ‘The simple gift' explores the relationship between a young man & an old man & shows the perspective of three different characters. Each character brings out there own personal contexts of the idea of Belonging. Old bill, in â€Å"The Simple Gift† shows & expresses the connection this man has with culture & life & how he sees himself pon society. The wind & rain hits you in the face with the force of a fathers punch†. This quote from the poem ‘cold' in â€Å"the simple gift† shows us that Billy, the main character, is trying to escape from the violence of his own home life. The weather is used in many ways to convey atmosphere; to set a scene. My image ‘Immigrants' shows mood & tone, dull colours represent ‘loss of identity, this is seen through their washed out faces, ; the artist has used recurring interest in notions of ‘Belonging. There are signs of hope & displacement shown is this image .The image deals with the theme of migrant experiences & what changes the individual has undergone. A decision to start a new life in hope to have a positive outcome. With individuals experiencing change to belong to a certain group or place, in â€Å"My Fathers Daughter† you see a sign of once belonging, she once knew she belonged with her father. Through the death of her father you imagine how her emotional state, leaving her emotionally unstable, limiting her to not belonging anymore. Looking back at old photos symbolizes the happiness her father brought, the same as n ‘The Simple Gift'. l love this place, I love the flow of the cold water over the rocks. † The poem Westfield Creek opens with the repetition of the words â€Å"l love this†. The author ‘Henrick proceeds to list the natural elements through which Billy finds a sense of identity ; belonging to a place. Theretore it becomes evident t at n through choosing not to belong can enhance a group's ability to create a separate identity. It is important to create to form connections with the wi der world before this identity can hold any meaning. Belonging: Speech I want you to do something for me, I want you to think of your parents, now in the same thought put yourself there. Tell me, what have you inherited from your parents, is it just their physical appearance or is it their way of thinking also. What if I were to tell you that it's something much more, that each and every one of us, have inherited our parents sense of belonging or not belonging. This hereditary trait if you will, is revealed in such texts as Bruce Dawes ‘Lifecycle', where young children inherit belonging to football. The movie â€Å"Ace Ventura 3† as belonging is present in the Ventura family by saving animals. And Cat Stevens's song â€Å"Father and Son† which tells a story of a son thinking he belongs somewhere other than home. These texts all have belonging passed down from generation to generation. You all know â€Å"Lifecycle†, a poem by Bruce Dawe, that runs football parallel to religion. Football is the centre of belonging for the newborn children. In the opening line â€Å"When children are born in Victoria they are wrapped in the club-colours†, it displays the use of hyperbole to emphasis the strength of the inherit belonging to a football club. A simile is used in â€Å"they break surface and are forever lost, their minds rippling out like streamers†, this shows the day the young children are committed into the cult of football, just like their parents before them. This belonging to their football club is also seen in, â€Å"they will not grow as those from the Northern States grow old†, this allusion to Ode To The Fallen highlights the fact that Southern states have an inherited belonging to football that cannot be rivaled by the Northern States that just follow a team for the sake of it. â€Å"Ace Ventura 3† like â€Å"Lifecycle† has an immense connection to belonging being inherited. Directed by David Evans the movie is based around Ace Jr, a 12 year old boy that feels a kinship to saving animals, having never meet or told about his father, who was once a great Pet Detective, it can be seen that his belonging to saving animals has been inherited. Ace Jr repeatedly, throughout the film, uses mannerisms and idioms of his father, such as â€Å"Allllrighty Then† and the simile â€Å"Like a glove†. Having never heard his father, these saying are completely inherited and give Ace Jr belonging to the Ventura family. Visual puns are used in conjunction, which include Ace Jr having a comb over and wearing Hawaiian shirts. Once again these are his father's trademarks in the two previous films. Ace Jr's belonging of being a Pet Detective, has completely without question, come from his father's genes therefore being inherited. We can see another parent-child relationship similar to Ace Ventura 3, in Cat Steven's, â€Å"Father and Son†, a song off his 1970 album â€Å"Tea For The Tillerman†. The song is a running commentary of a conversation of a son that wants to leave home and the father pressuring him to stay. The father of course knows what the son is going through, with his doubts of not belonging, due to the fact that is was passed down and inherited. The line â€Å"I was once like you are now† is a simile that alludes to this. Also repetition is used with the word â€Å"stay† describing the thoughts of the father about the son's plight. The last line of the song â€Å"Look at me I am old but I'm happy† juxtaposes happiness with age, Cat Stevens does this, to signify that the Sons sense of belonging, develops with age just like his fathers. This sense of belonging is therefore hereditary, both in this song, Ace Ventura 3 and Lifecycle, as well as all of us in this room now. We have inherited our sense of belonging. Belonging speech She stood in the middle of the hall of an unfamiliar house, where the wind washed against the windows as she heard a howling noise. Her empty eyes saw the old picture frames, of her father as teenager, as the hallway light flickering on and off. As she walked down the hall the floorboards creaked with every step she would take. The smell of her grandmother weaved past her nose, taking her back to a time she had forgotten about. I sat down with my grandmother; looking at old photographs she had keep through out the years.They were old & had tacky edges but with Just one look at the photo, I imagined my father walking in at a time like this. I imagined his face, knowing I was safe & with someone who would look after me. But every time I remembered what he looked like, I couldn't help but imagine what it would be like if he saw me like this. My father wasn't one to say much but he never, liked to see me upset or cry. I threw my head back and tasted the tears. I knew I would miss him, bu t not this much. He was of average height, with dark hair and olive skin & was always Joking around.I know that I was, and would always be, his daughter and that no matter what happened in between he would always make a way to bring her home. Belonging. Belonging is the important need or want to be a part of ones self, a place, a group, or the boarder of community. When one ‘Belongs' they feel that they are accepted & welcome, are contempt with their position within society. As such, Belonging is primarily an internal feeling & is determined by the individual. I will explore the view of the simple gift', ‘Immigrants' ; my own creative writing called â€Å"My Fathers Daughter†.In my three texts I have chosen you develop a personalized detailed appreciation of the concept ‘Belonging. Each of these texts entorces the reader on a new concept ot belonging & now one individual can see things differently. ‘The simple gift' explores the relationship between a young man & an old man & shows the perspective of three different characters. Each character brings out there own personal contexts of the idea of Belonging. Old bill, in â€Å"The Simple Gift† shows & expresses the connection this man has with culture & life & how he sees himself pon society. The wind & rain hits you in the face with the force of a fathers punch†. This quote from the poem ‘cold' in â€Å"the simple gift† shows us that Billy, the main character, is trying to escape from the violence of his own home life. The weather is used in many ways to convey atmosphere; to set a scene. My image ‘Immigrants' shows mood & tone, dull colours represent ‘loss of identity, this is seen through their washed out faces, ; the artist has used recurring interest in notions of ‘Belonging. There are signs of hope & displacement shown is this image .The image deals with the theme of migrant experiences & what changes the individual has undergone. A decision to start a new life in hope to have a positive outcome. With individuals experiencing change to belong to a certain group or place, in â€Å"My Fathers Daughter† you see a sign of once belonging, she once knew she belonged with her father. Through the death of her father you imagine how her emotional state, leaving her emotionally unstable, limiting her to not belonging anymore. Looking back at old photos symbolizes the happiness her father brought, the same as n ‘The Simple Gift'. l love this place, I love the flow of the cold water over the rocks. † The poem Westfield Creek opens with the repetition of the words â€Å"l love this†. The author ‘Henrick proceeds to list the natural elements through which Billy finds a sense of identity ; belonging to a place. Theretore it becomes evident t at n through choosing not to belong can enhance a group's ability to create a separate identity. It is important to create to form connections with the wi der world before this identity can hold any meaning. Belonging speech She stood in the middle of the hall of an unfamiliar house, where the wind washed against the windows as she heard a howling noise. Her empty eyes saw the old picture frames, of her father as teenager, as the hallway light flickering on and off. As she walked down the hall the floorboards creaked with every step she would take. The smell of her grandmother weaved past her nose, taking her back to a time she had forgotten about. I sat down with my grandmother; looking at old photographs she had keep through out the years.They were old & had tacky edges but with Just one look at the photo, I imagined my father walking in at a time like this. I imagined his face, knowing I was safe & with someone who would look after me. But every time I remembered what he looked like, I couldn't help but imagine what it would be like if he saw me like this. My father wasn't one to say much but he never, liked to see me upset or cry. I threw my head back and tasted the tears. I knew I would miss him, bu t not this much. He was of average height, with dark hair and olive skin & was always Joking around.I know that I was, and would always be, his daughter and that no matter what happened in between he would always make a way to bring her home. Belonging. Belonging is the important need or want to be a part of ones self, a place, a group, or the boarder of community. When one ‘Belongs' they feel that they are accepted & welcome, are contempt with their position within society. As such, Belonging is primarily an internal feeling & is determined by the individual. I will explore the view of the simple gift', ‘Immigrants' ; my own creative writing called â€Å"My Fathers Daughter†.In my three texts I have chosen you develop a personalized detailed appreciation of the concept ‘Belonging. Each of these texts entorces the reader on a new concept ot belonging & now one individual can see things differently. ‘The simple gift' explores the relationship between a young man & an old man & shows the perspective of three different characters. Each character brings out there own personal contexts of the idea of Belonging. Old bill, in â€Å"The Simple Gift† shows & expresses the connection this man has with culture & life & how he sees himself pon society. The wind & rain hits you in the face with the force of a fathers punch†. This quote from the poem ‘cold' in â€Å"the simple gift† shows us that Billy, the main character, is trying to escape from the violence of his own home life. The weather is used in many ways to convey atmosphere; to set a scene. My image ‘Immigrants' shows mood & tone, dull colours represent ‘loss of identity, this is seen through their washed out faces, ; the artist has used recurring interest in notions of ‘Belonging. There are signs of hope & displacement shown is this image .The image deals with the theme of migrant experiences & what changes the individual has undergone. A decision to start a new life in hope to have a positive outcome. With individuals experiencing change to belong to a certain group or place, in â€Å"My Fathers Daughter† you see a sign of once belonging, she once knew she belonged with her father. Through the death of her father you imagine how her emotional state, leaving her emotionally unstable, limiting her to not belonging anymore. Looking back at old photos symbolizes the happiness her father brought, the same as n ‘The Simple Gift'. l love this place, I love the flow of the cold water over the rocks. † The poem Westfield Creek opens with the repetition of the words â€Å"l love this†. The author ‘Henrick proceeds to list the natural elements through which Billy finds a sense of identity ; belonging to a place. Theretore it becomes evident t at n through choosing not to belong can enhance a group's ability to create a separate identity. It is important to create to form connections with the wi der world before this identity can hold any meaning.

American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

American History - Assignment Example After the General Order 147 was implemented litters were used in a more effective and accurate manner. Surgeon General Hammond attracted Secretary’s attention to the deteriorating situation with the ambulances and deaths of wounded soldiers on the battle fields. General Hammond suggested that medical department should be in charge of the whole medical organization. He backed up his argument by bringing various examples of wounded dying from starvation and insufficient system of rescue. General suggested several ways how to improve the medical organizational structure by guiding the work of ambulances, surgeons and nurses. Medical measures undertaken during the battle of Antietam and many others proved their effectiveness. Medical personnel were able to rescue people from the battle fields faster than before thanks to the effective use of ambulances. The number of casualties was minimized: ambulance corps worked effectively both on the battle field and work of surgeons was

Module Questions Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Module Questions Law - Coursework Example Assignment 1-2 Q. In Edward Sutherland's definition of crime, there are three areas that form the foundation of specialty areas in criminology. List and discuss each of the three areas. In order to discuss the founding areas of Sutherland’s definition of crime, I’ll paste the definition as it is. "Criminality is a probabilistic event determined by the frequency and quality of interaction with persons holding definitions favorable or unfavorable to violation of the law." According to this definition â€Å"Criminality is a probabilistic approach†, something that describes the probability of committing a crime, something that is not instinctive but occurs with a potential threat in the society or a matter of self tolerance. â€Å"Probabilistic event†, explains that nothing can be proven with a 100% guarantee. In an experiment carried on 10 people to determine how many out of those 10 commit crime when exposed to a potential threat, if the ratio turns out to b e 51%, the probable explanation of the theorist is proved and hence the theory as well. â€Å"Frequency and quality of interaction with persons holding definitions favorable or unfavorable to violation of the law†; this factor of the statement describes the possible root of committing a crime, a proposed tendency to adopt criminal thoughts or criminal approaches if the person has more interaction with people who are involved in such acts, the depth or strength of the relationship with such people. Q. Discuss the importance of theory. Your answer should include the aspects and fundamental issues of theories. The most important thought that this theory puts forward is the fact, that a person is not born with a tendency to commit a crime. Biological factors might only have a 50% effect on a man’s nature but his social inclination towards people who have a history or background of crime increases a man’s potential to commit a crime. Social or civil discrimination or other such factors are also the reasons which cause a rise in criminal activities. Q. Define "cause". Theorist always present words in a way that don’t really present the fixation of their thoughts. ‘Cause’ of a possible crime can be explained by playing with words, providing general interpretations of what could be the possible factors. A ‘cause’ can be defined as a possible reason or a factor that may provoke a potential crime. Q. List and briefly discuss four of the definitional problems in defining crime. The first definitional problem in defining crime is its failure to specify it with determinance. Explaining an act on probable grounds does give a ratio of high regard but it still isn’t 100% guaranteed. Secondly is the relationship between the frequency and the quality of the relationships between individuals. Both frequency and quality set to give an entirely different outlook to the behavior of attempt of crime. The favorable and unfa vorable definitions on the attempt of crime vary differently on different occasions; hence, it cannot be a standard to determine crime. Q. What is the difference between criminology and criminal justice? Criminology is described more as a behavioral or a social study that intends to describe the social causes of crime or the reaction to crimes. Criminal justice on the other hand, is the field that deals with the collective aspect of criminal policy making. Or in other words its

Managerial Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managerial Decision Making - Essay Example While analyzing any complex problem identifying the constituent parts is critical. These parts need to be workable and of decidable size. When the broken down parts get solved the entire problem gets solved. Thirdly, while finance and the monetary gains are the primary focus of the analysis, it would also help in realizing the advantages of cornering a dominant share in the market in Greece, dissuading competition and slowly easing them out if they do have any market share. Finally, the objective of the exercise would be to increase the monetary benefit the company gains. A decision tree was done based on the case study provided and on the assumptions indicated above. Maximizing the monetary benefit is the objective. Therefore the factors that need to be considered for the decision tree analysis will be: Based on the table above, the influencing parameters like price or discount factors in terms of 20% free capsules both amount to the same. And hence for analysis purposes, they can be combined and visualized. The monetary gain has been calculated and filled in based on the information provided in the Expected Monetary Value section. The decision tree is drawn based on this data set. The influence of the generic producers of Product X has not been considered as that is an in-determinant. Based on the d P: Probability of Occurrence V: Value M: Million EMV: Expected Monetary Value (Please see calculations below) Figure 1: Decision Tree Structure Based on the decision tree diagram, four major options are identified and are analyzed for their feasibility. Further analysis is done based on these four for further fine tuning and

Managing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 3

Managing - Essay Example He perceives power as dispersed as opposed to previous conceptions of power as concentrated and possessed. He also views power as conversational rather than virtuously coercive. The terms ‘power and knowledge’ are applied by Foucault to suggest that power is founded through recognized forms of knowledge, logical understanding and reality. This paper reflects and explains Foucault’s claim by focusing on managerial work and management power/roles. It discusses Foucault’s body of work on power and discipline. It supports Foucault’s approach withreference to published empirical examples. The paper also depicts the application of Foucault’s approach to power and order to management practice. Pfeffer (1993) defines power as the deliberate inducement on the opinions, feelings and conduct of people to achieve a particular objective. In the absence of power, cooperation among people may not be achieved and hence social order cannot be achieved. Power in organizations is manifest in leaders who apply different means of exercising the power vested in them to accomplish their goals. Foucault (1977) asserts that people in positions of power exercise it as opposed to possessing it. In other words, positions of power have been created in organizations as a strategy to develop infrastructure for enhancement of discipline. It therefore does not matter who possesses the power as such a person can be replaced by another and power in the organization will remain. Power forms the political structures of social organizations that operate to initiate the non-egalitarian and disproportionate relations. Organizations are established through human relations, which are characterised by inher ent power (Knights and Willmott, 1989). Power is therefore not restricted to an individual but rather is engaged and implemented through a

The effect of Junk Food Advertising on Obesity in Children Essay

The effect of Junk Food Advertising on Obesity in Children - Essay Example Mother - 103 Children (10-15 years) - 52 Information areas The key information areas covered in the research were From the mother Various activities for the child in a day Television watching habits Preference of foods Parental control in the intake of food Factors that influence choice of food and reasons for obesity Role of various bodies in controlling obesity in children Reaction to the proposal for ban on advertisements of unhealthy food Opinion of the advertisements for unhealthy foods Demographic details - gender, age of child, economic status of the family, weight of the selected child From the selected child Preference for specific foods Food which are considered healthy Reasons for consumption of 'junk food' Intention to reduce consumption of 'junk foods' and reasons ascribed to it. Analysis The data was analysed to look at the mothers of all children and specifically understand differences between habits and practices of the children in the younger age group and the older age group - these differences have been mentioned in the findings and the tables in the appendix. the girls and the boys - there were no differences which emerged among the boys and the girls at an overall level The questions asked to the children in the age group of 10 to 15 years were analysed separately. Key findings - among mothers 1. Activities undertaken and time spent There were a fair number of activities undertaken by children. Watching television, was the only activity that obtained 100% mentions other than sleeping, eating and going to school. About of the mothers claimed that their children also did some physical activity and participated in sports, cycling etc. This percentage was significantly higher among the younger children in the age...The details of the survey have been summarised below Given that the link between television watching and obesity have been much talked about, there is a need to understand whether this link exists or not. There is also a need to understand from the children, the drivers and motivators for eating fast foods and foods that have high fat content. There were a fair number of activities undertaken by children. Watching television, was the only activity that obtained 100% mentions other than sleeping, eating and going to school. About of the mothers claimed that their children also did some physical activity and participated in sports, cycling etc. This percentage was significantly higher among the younger children in the age group of 4 to 9 years. The average time spent on television was more than 3 hours among the younger group and about 4.3 hours among the older group which was significantly higher than the younger children. In contrast to this the average time spent on any kind of a physical activity was as low as 1.4 and 1.7 hours respectively.

Denial of service (dos) attacks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Denial of service (dos) attacks - Essay Example In other words DOS attack is described, as an attack in which the memory clogged up so much that a target will unable serve its legitimate users. Or data packets are sent to the target system so much so that it cannot handle it and thus making it to either crash, reboot or more commonly deny services to legitimate users. "A denial of service attack involves preventing you from accessing data or service by confusing or overloading the computers or networking equipment" (Cyganski and Orr, 2002, p. 279). This vulnerability is commonly used to hang remote systems and sometimes force them to reboot which ultimately results in denial of service, means denying the valid services by Networks to the legitimate and authenticated users. This attack no longer works as most of the system administrators upgraded their systems making them safe from such type of serious attacks. The trick in this attack is to ping a target system with excess data packets that exceeds the maximum bytes allowed by TCP/IP protocols suite. The memory of the target system would be clogged up and forces it to hang, reboot or crash. Since the data gram is so huge that it would be difficult for the target system to handle. The data sent over the Internet is broken down into small fragments at the source and reassembled at the destination system. Teardrop attack uses the vulnerability present in the reassembling of data packets at the destination system. ... Teardrop The data sent over the Internet is broken down into small fragments at the source and reassembled at the destination system. Teardrop attack uses the vulnerability present in the reassembling of data packets at the destination system. Lets see how teardrop attack works. Suppose 4000 bytes of data have to be sent over Internet from one system to the other, this data is not sent to the destination system at one go. This data is fragmented into small parts and divided into a number of packets. Each data packet has a specified range. For example, 4000 bytes are divided three data packets. The first data packet will be from 1 byte to 1500 bytes; second from 1501 bytes to 3000 bytes and third and final data packet will carry from 3001 bytes to 4000 bytes. These data packets will be having an OFFSET field in their TCP header part. The offset field specifies the range of data that is being carried or specifies to which data packet the bytes are to be sent. A sequence of numbers is sent alon g with the packets so that the destination system could easily able to reassemble.In this attack data packets with overlapping offset field values are sent to the target system in a series. This makes it difficult for the target system to reassemble the data correctly and forces it to crash, hang or reboot. The following scenario explains the teardrop attack clearly. A system receives data in the following manner: (1 to 1500 bytes) (1501 to 3000 bytes) (3001 to 4000 bytes) In teardrop attack the data is sent in the following manner: (1 to 1500 bytes) (1500 to 3000 bytes) (1001 to 3600 bytes) When this type of overlapping data is received by the target system, it simply cannot

Is Abortion Moral Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is Abortion Moral - Essay Example My personal opinion on the matter of abortion was formed under my parents’ influence; they have always taught me that a life of human being is the highest priority; and if an embryo exists, then this is the way it should be, because children come to this world for some reasons. As for the facts, I have always been convinced that an embryo in a woman’s body, even if it is not a human being in the early stages of pregnancy, is a potency of a human. We cannot know when human soul starts inhabiting human body, so making a pro-choice means taking responsibility for a life, which is the hardest responsibility ever. That is why I believe that abortion is immoral, because anyway it deals with a kind of murder of a human being or its potency. Moreover, my current opinion against abortion is based on mere consideration of the fact that I wouldn’t have existed if my mother had had an abortion. Thinking about this is the most decisive argument for me in consideration of this issue. The very first argument on the matter of why abortion is moral concerns the fact that human fetus is a part of a woman’s body, which means that it is up to the woman to decide in which way she wants to dispose her own body and its parts. According to a philosophical consideration of the issue conducted by Francis Wade in his article, as long as an embryo belongs to a female body, it is considered to be its part, as potentiality of human being doesn’t actually mean a complete human being.

Minimum Wage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Minimum Wage - Essay Example Based on research and statistics, it should be said that minimum wage rates, when increasing rather than remaining steady, have broad negative consequences to state and federal economies. THE EVIDENCE Some of the highest state-issued minimum wage rates are Vermont at $8.46, Washington at $9.04 and Oregon at $8.80 (Parrott, 1). The intention of these increases was to improve poverty rates and also stimulate more consumption in the economy. However, a very recent news article indicates that the unemployment rate in Oregon has increased to 8.9 percent in September, up almost a whole percentage point in August (Foden-Vencil, 1). In Washington state, the unemployment rate rose from 8.3 percent in June to 8.6 percent in September (PSBJ, 1). In Vermont, the unemployment rate rose from 4.7 percent to five percent in August (CT Post, 1). Why is this significant? The New England Public Policy Center indicates that rises in the minimum wage rate make it more inviting for business owners to cut employee benefits in an effort to offset higher payroll costs. A current study discovered statistically that when minimum wage rates increase by 20 percent, business-sponsored health care offerings to employees also decrease by four percent (NEPPC, 8). Because many business owners do not like to carry the stigma that is usually associated with social judgment for non-compliance to corporate social responsibility, they will often reduce hours of existing employees rather than slashing health care benefits (NEPPC, 8). All of these efforts are intended to prevent significant capital losses that occur when the minimum wage rates increases, especially important for small business owners without a strong cash or market position. Three of the states having the highest minimum wage rates also all have increases in the unemployment rate at the state level. According to the National Center for Public Policy Research, minimum wage hikes actually cause job losses in the long-term (NCPPR, 1). Th is is because it is usually the small business owner that offers jobs at a minimum wage, however small businesses make up the majority of businesses currently operating in the United States. At the same time, small business owners are experiencing inflationary increases in their supply chain, cost of health care provision, distribution and transportation for finished products, and utility costs. Therefore, significant spikes in minimum wage cannot be offset except through investment and hedging strategies, which is something that small business is not in a position to consider. Texas is one example of a state with a low minimum wage, in-line with the federal rate of $7.25. This state saw a very modest increase in unemployment from July to September, however, the unemployment rate was nearly 100 percent stable from 2010 through most of 2012 (ycharts.com, 1). Unlike other states with significant wage increases and sharp increasing spikes in unemployment, Texas seems to defy the direct relationship between wage increases and unemployment rises. The same is true for Ohio, which also maintains a rate of $7.25, and this particular state saw modest drops month after month in 2012, with a currently stable rate of 7.25 percent, down from over 10% in 2010. This implication in this case, when compared to higher rates, is quite obvious. At the federal level, minimum wage also has negative consequences when it is raised. It should however, to prevent bias from the analysis, recognize that higher wage increases provide